Structure • Function • Approximate Size
5–10 µm
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that stores genetic material (DNA) and acts as the control center of the cell.
0.5–1 µm
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles responsible for ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
~0.03–0.05 µm
The endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive membranous network involved in synthesis, modification, and transport of biomolecules inside the cell.
1–3 µm
The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and sorts proteins and lipids before they are transported to their final destination.
0.1–1.2 µm
Lysosomes are enzyme-filled vesicles responsible for intracellular digestion, recycling worn-out organelles and destroying pathogens.
0.02–0.03 µm
Ribosomes are non-membranous particles responsible for protein synthesis.
5–90 µm
The vacuole is a large membrane-bound sac that maintains turgor pressure, stores substances, and regulates the internal environment of plant cells.
4–10 µm
Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
~0.5 µm
The centrosome acts as the microtubule-organizing center of the cell and plays a crucial role during cell division.
~0.007-0.025 µm
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments that maintains cell shape, enables movement, and organizes internal components.
~0.007–0.01 µm
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer that encloses the cell and regulates movement of substances.
~0.1–0.5 µm
The cell wall is a rigid outer covering found outside the plasma membrane that provides protection, shape, and mechanical strength.
0.5-5 µm
Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Genetic material lies freely in the cytoplasm.
10–100 µm
Eukaryotic cells possess a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, allowing compartmentalization of cellular functions.
A visual comparison highlighting the fundamental structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.